West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds. Humans and horses are incidental dead-end hosts.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among young children.
Data are processed for the conduct of the carbapenem- and/or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CCRE) survey as part of molecular surveillance of antimicrobial resistant pathogens according to a protocol. For the CCRE survey bacterial isolates (carbapenem and/or colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and susceptible control isolates) and related patient data are collected in hospitals in 37 countries with the aim to determine transmission pathways and improve control measures.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is an obligate human pathogen and an important cause of invasive bacterial infections in both children and adults, with the highest incidence among young children.
The transmission of Clostridioides difficile can be patient-to-patient, via contaminated hands of healthcare workers or by environmental contamination.
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera of serogroups O1 or O139. Humans are the only relevant reservoir, even though Vibrios can survive for a long time in coastal waters contaminated by human excreta.
Botulism is a serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease may occur after eating foods containing the toxin or due to development of the spores within the intestine of young children or within wounds.
West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne zoonosis. The virus is transmitted among birds via the bite of infected mosquitoes and incidentally humans and other mammals may become infected.