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The results of two, as yet unpublished, investigations of laboratory-induced genetic changes in avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have been reported to have found that a surprisingly few number of changes make the viruses transmissible between ferrets, the most commonly used model for the way influenza behaves in humans. The possibility that this could have resulted in the development in laboratories of A(H5N1) influenza viruses transmissible between humans has caused concern for public safety and generated unusually high levels of debate in the scientific community. This report summarises and explains the complex public health and scientific issues around these developments including the positive and negative aspects of some of the responses that have been proposed internationally.

A multi-country outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes PCR serogroup IVb, MLST ST6 has been ongoing in the EU/EEA since at least 2015.

This document provides an assessment of the public health risk associated with a multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Agona associated with consumption of potentially contaminated infant formula from France.

This rapid risk assessment update appraises the risk for spread of C. auris in hospitals in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries

After the EPIS FWD notification of a cluster of hepatitis A cases infected with two distinct strains in several EU/EEA countries, this risk assessment presents the early findings of this multi-country hepatitis A outbreak and sets out initial options for response.

This document provides an updated assessment of the cross-border public health risk associated with consumption of frozen corn and possibly linked to other frozen vegetables contaminated with L. monocytogenes.

This rapid risk assessment addresses the public health risk associated with a previously unrecognised international spread of near pandrug-resistant strains of S. epidermidis as a cause of infection in several countries including EU Member States.