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Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005 Eurosurveillance, vol 19, issue 50
Since the beginning of November 2014, nine outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N8) in poultry have been detected in four European countries. In this report, similarities and differences between the modes of introduction of HPAIV A(H5N1) and A(H5N8) into Europe are described. Experiences from outbreaks of A(H5N1) in Europe demonstrated that early detection to control HPAIV in poultry has proven pivotal to minimise the risk of zoonotic transmission and prevention of human cases.
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WHO Europe: Influenza
WHO/Europe aim to reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality by strengthening virological and epidemiological surveillance for mild and severe influenza; using surveillance data to estimate the burden of influenza in order to prioritize national influenza vaccination programmes; and maintaining and strengthening pandemic preparedness activities at the national level. WHO/Europe also monitors the emergence of other respiratory pathogens that have the potential to spread among humans. These include coronaviruses, which cause a range of illnesses from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) to the common cold.
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CDC (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention): Influenza
CDC works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or deliberate attack, CDC fights disease and supports communities and citizens to do the same.
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WHO online training courses: Preparing for pandemics - fighting against influenza threats
Every few decades a new, and potentially deadly, influenza virus emerges and spreads worldwide. These events – influenza pandemics – are a threat all countries need to prepare for. The Preparing for pandemics channel brings together courses on various aspects of preparedness, including surveillance, public health measures and risk communication during a pandemic. You can learn the basic epidemiology and virology of influenza. You can learn the differences (and similarities) between zoonotic influenza, seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza. And you can get informed about how WHO, Member States, industry and other stakeholders work together in the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework.
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Eurosurveillance, 23 May 2019: Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in a pregnant traveller returning from Karachi, Pakistan to Denmark, 2019
The article describes one imported case of ceftriaxone-resistant S. Typhi bacteraemia related to travel to Karachi, Pakistan and detected in Denmark in April 2019.