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This second update to ECDC's initial risk assessment concludes that the risk of the disease spreading to Europe via humans or through poultry is still low at this time.

On 31 March 2013, the Chinese authorities announced the identification of a novel influenza A virus, A(H7N9), in three seriously ill people from two provinces presenting with respiratory infections. So far, no epidemiological link has been identified between those three patients. When testing for the influenza virus, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention identified genes from both A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, thus indicating a novel reassortant avian influenza A virus. In its initial assessment of the situation, the ECDC rapid risk assessment concludes that the risk of the spread of the virus in Europe can be considered low at this stage.

Since the notification of a novel reassortant influenza A(H7N9) virus on 31 March 2013, 1 548 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been reported.

This issue of the ECDC Communicable Disease Threats Report (CDTR) covers the period 27 August - 2 September 2017 and includes updates on measles, MERS, West Nile fever and Chikungunya.

This issue of the ECDC Communicable Disease Threats Report (CDTR) covers the period 31 December 2017-6 January 2018 and includes updates on hepatitis A, influenza, MERS, poliomyelitis and salomnellosis.

​This Rapid Risk Assessment summarises the latest information about human infections with avian influenza A viruses in China.

​This fourth update of the risk assessment on human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, summarises the epidemiological and virological information on the disease in China and Canada, and assesses the risk to public health in the EU/EEA and to EU/EEA citizens.

This rapid risk assessment summarises the epidemiological and virological information about human infections with low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) viruses and assesses the risk to public health in the EU/EEA, in response to this outbreak.

Fifth update of the risk assessment on human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, summarising the epidemiological and virological information on the disease in China and Canada, and assessing the risk to public health in the EU/EEA.

This rapid risk assessment builds on the fifth update of the ECDC rapid risk assessments on avian influenza published on 27 January 2017 [1] and on the recent public health development dated 24 February 2017.