This report sets out the evidence on IGRAs and their use in the diagnosis of latent and active tuberculosis.After reviewing all available evidence, the expert panel concluded that ‘IGRAs should not replace the standard diagnostic methods for diagnosing active TB.’

The results of two, as yet unpublished, investigations of laboratory-induced genetic changes in avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have been reported to have found that a surprisingly few number of changes make the viruses transmissible between ferrets, the most commonly used model for the way influenza behaves in humans. The possibility that this could have resulted in the development in laboratories of A(H5N1) influenza viruses transmissible between humans has caused concern for public safety and generated unusually high levels of debate in the scientific community. This report summarises and explains the complex public health and scientific issues around these developments including the positive and negative aspects of some of the responses that have been proposed internationally.

​This joint rapid outbreak assessment from ECDC and EFSA assesses a cluster of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium with an MLVA pattern previously unseen in the EU/EEA.

This systematic review seeks to identify evidence for the effectiveness of targeted infection control measures to control the spread and transmission of ESBL-E when transferring patients between healthcare settings, especially when the transfer is cross-border.

This report describes many of the aspects that should be taken into account. It systematically covers the entire process from sample provision and sequencing to data analysis and collaboration with other organisations.

This document sets out ECDC's five year vision for using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology within the context of its agreed strategy and roadmap for integrating typing data into EU level surveillance and cross-border outbreak assessment.

This rapid risk assessment assesses the recurrent multi-country outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis due to a persistent source of infection, with current or recent exposure in at least four EU/EEA Member States.

This second update provides information regarding the risk of EU transmission of an MDR TB clone initially detected in seven asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa who currently reside in Switzerland.